ML-KEM (FIPS 203)
The NIST-standardized post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism, based on module lattices - the replacement for classic key exchange.
ML-KEM is the Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism standardized by NIST as FIPS 203 in August 2024, derived from the CRYSTALS-Kyber submission. A key encapsulation mechanism does one job: let two parties agree on a shared secret over a public channel. ML-KEM's security rests on lattice problems that no known quantum algorithm solves efficiently, unlike the discrete-logarithm and factoring problems underneath today's key exchange.
It is specified at three parameter sets - ML-KEM-512, 768, and 1024 - trading key size against security margin, with 768 the common choice for general traffic. In deployment it is usually paired with a classic elliptic-curve exchange rather than used alone: X25519MLKEM768 is the registered TLS group combining X25519 with ML-KEM-768, and that pairing is the hybrid key exchange most post-quantum deployments have converged on.
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